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Discovering Cusco, Peru
When most people think about visiting Peru, Machu Picchu is probably the first destination that comes to mind. However, before reaching this world-famous archaeological site, many travelers arrive in a fascinating city called Cusco.
Cusco was once the capital of the Inca Empire and remains one of the most interesting destinations in South America. Surrounded by the Andes Mountains, the city combines centuries of history with modern restaurants, hotels, markets, and a thriving tourism industry.
For many visitors, Cusco is simply the starting point for their journey to Machu Picchu. But having visited the city myself, I believe Cusco deserves much more attention.
There are beautiful streets to explore, historical buildings, friendly people, colorful markets, and numerous opportunities for day trips.
Whether you enjoy history, photography, hiking, shopping, or simply walking through an unfamiliar city and observing everyday life, Cusco has plenty to offer.
Arriving in Cusco: Be Prepared for the High Altitude
One of the first things travelers should understand about Cusco is its elevation.
Arriving in Cusco was a remarkable experience in itself. As our plane began its descent, I could see the magnificent Andes Mountains surrounding the city. Cusco sits in a valley high in the mountains, and watching the aircraft descend toward the airport, with the mountains rising around us, was an unforgettable sight.
But the real surprise came when I stepped off the plane.
Almost immediately, I noticed that I was having difficulty catching my breath. I could feel the effects of the high altitude before I had even begun exploring the city. It was a strange sensation, especially considering that I am accustomed to hiking, cycling, and other physical activities.
That is considerably higher than most cities people are accustomed to visiting, and the altitude can affect anyone, regardless of age or physical fitness.
Even someone who regularly hikes, cycles, or exercises can experience altitude sickness.
Symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping.
During my visit, I noticed that hotels frequently offered coca tea, and some provided coca leaves for guests to chew. These are traditional remedies commonly used in the Andes.
I tried them, but they did not seem to make much difference for me.
That was an important lesson. Just because something is traditionally used for altitude sickness does not mean it will work for everyone.
My suggestion is to avoid scheduling strenuous activities immediately after arriving. Spend some time walking around slowly, stay hydrated, and give your body an opportunity to adjust.
If you are planning to visit Rainbow Mountain, which is much higher than Cusco, acclimatization becomes even more important.
Coca tea is not a proven substitute for proper altitude sickness prevention or treatment. If you develop significant symptoms, avoid ascending further and seek medical advice. Severe symptoms require prompt descent and medical attention.
Plaza de Armas: The Heart of Cusco
One of the most enjoyable places to visit in Cusco is the Plaza de Armas, the city's historic main square.
This is an excellent place to begin exploring the city.The square is surrounded by impressive colonial buildings, restaurants, cafés, shops, and churches. The magnificent Cusco Cathedral dominates one side of the plaza, while the Church of the Society of Jesus adds to the architectural beauty.
I enjoyed simply walking around, taking photographs, and watching people going about their daily activities.
There is something pleasant about a city where you can spend time outdoors without needing a particular destination.
The plaza is also a convenient place to meet other travelers, arrange tours, or relax after a day of sightseeing.
And yes, I was surprised and relieved to discover a Starbucks near the plaza!
When traveling internationally, finding something familiar can sometimes be a pleasant little surprise.
Of course, Cusco also has many local cafés where visitors can enjoy Peruvian coffee and traditional refreshments.
The Streets, Markets, and People of Cusco
One of the things I remember most about Cusco is the atmosphere of its streets.
There are vendors selling souvenirs, handmade clothing, hats, bags, colorful textiles, and many other interesting items. Some approach visitors to show their merchandise, often in a very friendly manner.
I remember one particular woman who approached me carrying souvenirs for sale. Both her arms were full of merchandise, and on her back, she carried her baby, securely wrapped in a traditional cloth. Despite everything she was carrying, she had a warm smile on her face.
Whenever I encounter someone like her, I find it difficult to simply walk away. I often end up buying things I never intended to purchase. Sometimes, even when I don't need anything, I give them a couple of dollars and suggest they buy themselves a cup of tea.
But what stays with me is not the merchandise or the money. It is the attitude of these hardworking people.
Despite the challenges they may face in their daily lives, many appear remarkably calm, collected, patient, and cheerful. They approach you with a smile, engage in conversation, and continue with their day whether you buy something or not.
I have encountered this same spirit in many developing countries I have visited. People working incredibly hard, sometimes carrying their children while trying to earn a living, yet still finding a reason to smile.
Of course, a smile doesn't mean life is easy, and we cannot know someone's struggles simply by looking at them. But there is something deeply moving about the dignity, resilience, and warmth I have witnessed in these encounters.
Travel has taught me that some of the most memorable experiences do not come from famous landmarks or expensive attractions. They come from ordinary people we meet along the way.
And sometimes, a brief conversation with a street vendor in Cusco can leave a more lasting impression than anything we purchased.
I found the people welcoming, even when we could not communicate easily because of the language difference.
Spanish is widely spoken, and Quechua, the language of the Incas, remains an important part of the region's cultural identity.
These everyday scenes were just as interesting to me as some of the major tourist attractions.
Travel is not only about visiting famous monuments. It is also about seeing how people live, work, raise their families, and continue their traditions.
San Pedro Market
For visitors interested in local life, San Pedro Market is worth exploring.
The market sells fruits, vegetables, fresh juices, local foods, textiles, and household goods.
It offers a different experience from the souvenir shops around the main square.
You can see residents shopping for everyday necessities while tourists explore the stalls and sample local products.
I always encourage travelers to visit local markets because they provide a glimpse into the daily life of a destination.
Exploring the Historic Streets and San Blas Neighborhood
Cusco is a wonderful city for walking, although the hills and altitude can make even short distances feel more demanding.
One particularly interesting neighborhood is San Blas.
Known for its narrow cobblestone streets, small cafés, art galleries, and workshops, San Blas has long been associated with local artists and craftspeople.
It is an excellent area for photography, especially if you enjoy old architecture and streets full of character.
Another interesting landmark is the famous Twelve-Angled Stone on Hatun Rumiyoc Street.
This precisely carved Inca stone fits perfectly into the surrounding masonry, demonstrating the remarkable stoneworking skills of the Inca civilization.
Nearby, visitors can explore Qorikancha, once one of the most important religious sites of the Inca Empire.
The Spanish later built the Santo Domingo convent complex over portions of the original Inca temple.
The combination of Inca stonework and Spanish colonial architecture tells an important part of Cusco's history.
Sacsayhuamán: Extraordinary Inca Stonework Above Cusco
Just outside the historic center is Sacsayhuamán, one of the most impressive archaeological sites in the Cusco region.
The enormous stone walls are constructed from massive blocks fitted together with extraordinary precision.
Some stones weigh many tons, and it is remarkable to consider how they were transported, shaped, and positioned centuries ago.
The site also provides beautiful views of Cusco and the surrounding mountains.
Because it sits above the city, the walk uphill can be challenging at this altitude. Taking a taxi or joining a city tour may be a more comfortable option.
Other archaeological sites commonly included in Cusco sightseeing tours are Q'enqo, Puka Pukara, and Tambomachay.
These attractions provide a useful introduction to Inca history before visiting Machu Picchu.
Machu Picchu: The Journey Most Visitors Come to Experience
For many travelers, Machu Picchu is the highlight of a trip to Peru.
Located high in the Andes, this extraordinary Inca citadel is one of the most recognizable archaeological sites in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Standing among its stone terraces, temples, and mountain scenery is an experience that photographs alone cannot fully capture.
How to Get to Machu Picchu From Cusco
Most visitors travel by train from the Cusco region, often departing from Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley.
The train journey takes passengers through beautiful mountain scenery toward Machupicchu Pueblo, also known as Aguas Calientes.
From there, visitors generally take a shuttle bus up the winding mountain road to the archaeological entrance.
Some travelers prefer to hike, while others choose organized packages that include transportation, accommodation, and guides.
In Cusco, there are numerous travel agencies offering Machu Picchu packages.
Prices and services vary, so I recommend comparing several options rather than booking the first tour offered.
Before paying, find out exactly what is included.
Does the price cover the train? Entrance ticket? Transportation to the archaeological site? Guide? Meals? Hotel?
These details can make a significant difference to the total cost.
Important: Machu Picchu uses timed entry tickets and designated visitor routes. Purchase admission well in advance, particularly during busy travel periods.
The official government ticket website is https://tuboleto.cultura.pe.
Remember to carry your passport, as identification is required for admission.
The Inca Trail
For travelers who enjoy hiking, the Inca Trail offers another way to reach Machu Picchu.
Rather than arriving only by train and bus, hikers follow historic routes through mountain landscapes and archaeological sites.
The classic trek usually takes four days, while shorter alternatives are available.
However, the trail requires advance planning, permits, and an authorized operator.
It is not something to arrange casually at the last minute.
Rainbow Mountain: One of the Most Colorful Landscapes in Peru
Another popular excursion from Cusco is Rainbow Mountain, also known as Vinicunca.
The mountain is famous for its naturally occurring bands of color, created by different mineral deposits in the surrounding rock.
The landscape is unlike anything most travelers have seen before.
However, there is one important consideration.
Rainbow Mountain reaches an elevation of approximately 17,000 feet (5,200 meters).
That is significantly higher than Cusco.
Although organized tours commonly transport visitors much of the way, the remaining walk can still be physically demanding.
Even experienced hikers may find themselves breathing heavily because of the thin air.
For that reason, I would not recommend making Rainbow Mountain your first excursion immediately after arriving in Cusco.
Allow yourself time to acclimatize, and consider your physical condition before attempting the hike.
Many tours depart very early in the morning and include transportation, a guide, and sometimes breakfast or lunch.
Weather conditions can change quickly, so warm clothing, comfortable hiking shoes, sunscreen, and drinking water are essential.
For visitors who prefer an alternative, the Palcoyo Rainbow Mountains offer another colorful Andean landscape, generally with less demanding walking, although they are still at high altitude.
The Sacred Valley: One of the Best Day Trips From Cusco
If you have additional time in Cusco, I strongly recommend exploring the Sacred Valley.
Located between Cusco and Machu Picchu, the valley is surrounded by magnificent mountains, agricultural terraces, villages, and archaeological sites.
It is also generally lower in elevation than Cusco, making it a useful place to spend time while adjusting to the altitude.
There are several places worth visiting.
Pisac
Pisac is known for its Inca ruins and traditional market.
The archaeological site features impressive agricultural terraces built along the mountainside.
The town below is a popular destination for visitors interested in handmade textiles, crafts, and local culture.
Ollantaytambo
Ollantaytambo is one of the most fascinating towns in the Sacred Valley.
Its enormous Inca terraces rise above the town, and the narrow streets still reflect the original Inca layout.
It is also an important transportation point for travelers continuing to Machu Picchu by train.
If your schedule allows, spending a night here can be more relaxing than trying to complete everything in one day.
Moray
Moray is an unusual archaeological site featuring large circular agricultural terraces.
The Incas are believed to have used these terraces to experiment with growing crops under different environmental conditions.
The concentric circles create an extraordinary landscape, especially when viewed from above.
Maras Salt Mines
The Maras Salt Mines are another remarkable attraction.
Thousands of small salt evaporation ponds cover the mountainside, creating an almost geometric pattern of white and brown pools.
Salt has been harvested here for generations, and the site remains an important part of the region's traditional economy.
It is a wonderful place for photography and an interesting example of how people have used natural resources for centuries.
Chinchero
Chinchero is known for its traditional weaving communities, colorful textiles, and Inca archaeological remains.
Visitors can learn about weaving techniques and natural dyes that have been passed down through generations.
Purchasing directly from local artisans is also a meaningful way to support the communities preserving these traditions.
More Day Trips From Cusco
For travelers staying longer, there are several additional destinations worth considering.
Humantay Lake: A beautiful turquoise mountain lake surrounded by dramatic Andean peaks. The hike is relatively short but steep, and the altitude makes it challenging.
Tipón Archaeological Park: Famous for its impressive Inca water channels, terraces, and sophisticated irrigation systems.
South Valley Tour: A cultural and historical excursion often combining Tipón, Pikillaqta, and Andahuaylillas, known for its richly decorated colonial church.
Palcoyo Rainbow Mountains: An alternative to Vinicunca with colorful mountain views and typically less strenuous walking.
Ausangate Region: A spectacular destination for experienced hikers interested in remote mountain scenery, glaciers, and multi-day trekking.
With so many choices, visitors could easily spend a week or more exploring Cusco and the surrounding region.
Restaurants, Food, and Evenings in Cusco
Cusco has an impressive selection of restaurants catering to both local residents and international visitors.
You can find traditional Peruvian dishes, grilled meats, soups, pizza, pasta, and many other options.
Some popular Peruvian foods worth trying include lomo saltado, a stir-fried beef dish; ají de gallina, a creamy chicken dish; and quinoa soup.
For travelers who prefer familiar food, there are also plenty of international restaurants.
I found Cusco especially pleasant in the evenings.
Rather than spending the night moving from one attraction to another, it was enjoyable to have dinner and take a leisurely stroll through the streets near the plaza.
Restaurants and cafés create a lively atmosphere, and many of the historic buildings look particularly attractive when illuminated at night.
There are also bars and nightlife venues for those interested, but you do not need to participate in those activities to enjoy the city after sunset.
Sometimes a good meal and a walk are all you need.
Transportation and Booking Tours in Cusco
One convenient thing about Cusco is that many attractions in the historic center are within walking distance.
However, the streets can be steep, and walking at 11,000 feet is different from walking at sea level.
Fortunately, taxis and local buses are widely available.
For longer excursions, organized tours are convenient because they combine transportation and visits to several attractions.
During my visit, I found numerous travel agencies offering packages for Machu Picchu, Rainbow Mountain, and the Sacred Valley.
Many advertised prices in U.S. dollars, although Peru's official currency is the sol.
I recommend checking whether payment in dollars or soles offers better value and confirming the exchange rate before paying.
Some tours include meals, while others charge separately.
A little comparison shopping can save money, particularly when booking several excursions.
Carry Your Passport
One thing that surprised me was how frequently identification was requested.
In the United States, I am accustomed to visiting many attractions without being asked to show my passport.
In Peru, passport checks were more common than I expected, particularly for tourist tickets and certain attractions.
At times, I found it inconvenient, especially when I was simply going sightseeing.
However, visitors should understand that identification is often connected to ticket registration, admission requirements, and different visitor categories.
My advice is to check the requirements for each attraction and keep your passport secure and accessible whenever it is required.
Weather, Drinking Water, and Practical Travel Tips
Cusco's mountain climate deserves attention.
During sunny days, the sun can feel intense, particularly because of the elevation.
However, temperatures can fall considerably after sunset, and mornings may be chilly.
I recommend dressing in layers so you can adjust as conditions change.
One thing I appreciated was how easy it was to purchase bottled water and other drinks.
Street vendors and small shops were common, so finding refreshments was generally convenient.
Still, when leaving the city for mountain excursions, carry sufficient water rather than assuming vendors will always be available.
Sunscreen, sunglasses, comfortable shoes, and a light jacket are also useful.
And if you plan to visit multiple archaeological sites, ask about the Boleto Turístico del Cusco, a tourist ticket covering various attractions in the region.
It may offer better value than purchasing individual admissions, depending on your itinerary. Machu Picchu admission is separate.
How Many Days Should You Spend in Cusco?
I would recommend allowing at least five or six days if you want to explore the city and visit some of the major attractions without rushing.
Here is one possible itinerary:
Day 1 — Arrive in Cusco
Settle into your hotel, rest, and explore Plaza de Armas at a comfortable pace. Allow your body time to adjust to the altitude.
Day 2 — Explore Cusco
Visit Qorikancha, San Blas, San Pedro Market, and Sacsayhuamán. Enjoy dinner near the historic center.
Day 3 — Discover the Sacred Valley
Explore Pisac and Ollantaytambo, or arrange a tour including Moray and the Maras Salt Mines.
Day 4 — Travel Toward Machu Picchu
Spend additional time in Ollantaytambo and take the train to Machupicchu Pueblo. Staying overnight can make the following day more comfortable.
Day 5 — Visit Machu Picchu
Explore the archaeological site with your pre-booked admission and return to Cusco or stay another night in the area.
Day 6 — Rainbow Mountain or Another Excursion
If you have acclimatized well and feel physically prepared, consider Rainbow Mountain. Alternatively, choose a less strenuous cultural excursion.
If you have seven or eight days, the itinerary becomes more comfortable and allows additional time for photography, shopping, local restaurants, and unexpected discoveries.
For travelers who enjoy hiking, I would consider adding a separate day for Humantay Lake or another mountain excursion.
My Final Thoughts: Don't Rush Through Cusco
Cusco is often described as the gateway to Machu Picchu, and that is certainly true.
But I believe it deserves recognition as a destination in its own right.
I enjoyed the streets, the restaurants, the friendly vendors, the traditional clothing, and the opportunity to observe everyday life in a city so different from those I usually visit.
I appreciated being able to walk through the historic center, stop for refreshments, take photographs, and explore without always needing a detailed plan.
Even the small things, such as discovering a familiar Starbucks near the plaza or watching vendors sell their products, became part of my travel memories.
Of course, the altitude was something I had to respect. And although coca tea was readily available, it did not solve the problem for me.
That experience reminded me that travel requires flexibility. Sometimes you have to adjust your plans, slow down, and listen to your body.
Machu Picchu may be the reason many travelers come to this part of Peru, but Cusco, the Sacred Valley, and the surrounding mountains offer so much more.
Have you visited Cusco, Machu Picchu, or Rainbow Mountain? What was your favorite experience, and how did you handle the altitude?
I'd love to hear about your journey in the comments.
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